Uma ubona imoto, umbono wakho wokuqala cishe kungaba umbala womzimba. Namuhla, ukuba nopende omuhle okhazimulayo kungenye yezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokukhiqiza izimoto. Kodwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, ukupenda imoto kwakungelula, futhi kwakungekuhle kangako kunanamuhla. Upende wemoto washintsha kanjani waba sezingeni elikhona namuhla? USurley uzokutshela umlando wentuthuko yobuchwepheshe bokumboza upende wezimoto.
Imizuzwana eyishumi yokuqonda umbhalo ogcwele:
1,I-LacquerYasungulwa eShayina, iNtshonalanga yahola ngemuva kwenguquko yezimboni.
2, Upende wezinto eziyisisekelo zemvelo woma kancane, okuthinta ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokukhiqiza izimoto, iDuPont yasungula ukomisa okusheshayoupende we-nitro.
3, Izibhamu zokufuthaithatha indawo yamabhulashi, okwenza ifilimu yokupenda efanayo.
4, Kusukela ku-alkyd kuya ku-acrylic, ukuphishekela ukuqina nokwehlukahluka kuyaqhubeka.
5, Kusukela "ekufafazeni" kuya "ekumbozeni okucwilisayo"Ngokugeza nge-lacquer, ukuphishekela okuqhubekayo ikhwalithi yopende kuholela ekufakweni kwe-phosphate kanye nokubekwa kwe-electrode manje.
6, Ukufaka esikhundleniupende osekelwe emanziniekufuneni ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.
7, Manje nasesikhathini esizayo, ubuchwepheshe bokupenda buya ngokuya budlula ukucabanga,ngisho noma kungekho upende.
Indima eyinhloko yopende ukulwa nokuguga
Umbono wabantu abaningi ngendima yopende ukunikeza izinto imibala egqamile, kodwa ngokombono wokukhiqiza wezimboni, umbala empeleni uyimfuneko yesibili; ukugqwala kanye nokulwa nokuguga kuyinhloso eyinhloko. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuhlanganiswa kwensimbi nokhuni kuya emzimbeni omhlophe wensimbi wanamuhla, umzimba wemoto udinga upende njengesendlalelo esivikelayo. Izinselele ungqimba lopende okufanele lubhekane nazo ukuguguleka kwemvelo njengelanga, isihlabathi nemvula, umonakalo ongokwenyama njengokuklwebheka, ukuhlikihla nokushayisana, kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi njengosawoti kanye nendle yezilwane. Ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokupenda, inqubo ithuthuka kancane kancane izikhumba ezisebenza kahle futhi ezihlala isikhathi eside nezinhle ukuze umzimba ubhekane kangcono nalezi zinselele.
I-Lacquer evela eShayina
I-Lacquer inomlando omude kakhulu futhi, ngokudabukisayo, isikhundla esiphambili kwezobuchwepheshe be-lacquer sasingesaseShayina ngaphambi kweNguquko Yezimboni. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-lacquer kuqale esikhathini seNeolithic, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi seMpi Yezizwe, izingcweti zasebenzisa uwoyela we-tung okhishwe embewini yesihlahla se-tung futhi zanezela i-lacquer eluhlaza yemvelo ukwenza ingxube yopende, yize ngaleso sikhathi i-lacquer yayiyinto yokunethezeka kwabahlonishwayo. Ngemva kokusungulwa koMbuso WaseMing, uZhu Yuanzhang waqala ukusungula imboni kahulumeni ye-lacquer, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokupenda bathuthuka ngokushesha. Umsebenzi wokuqala waseShayina kwezobuchwepheshe bokupenda, "Incwadi Yokupenda", wahlanganiswa nguHuang Cheng, umenzi we-lacquer eMbusweni WaseMing. Ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhweba kwangaphakathi nangaphandle, i-lacquerware yayisithuthukise uhlelo lwemboni yezandla oluvuthiwe eMbusweni WaseMing.
Upende kawoyela we-tung oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu woBukhosi bukaMing wawuyisihluthulelo sokukhiqiza imikhumbi. Isazi saseSpain sekhulu le-16 uMendoza sikhulume encwadini ethi "History of the Greater China Empire" ukuthi imikhumbi yaseShayina egcotshwe ngowoyela we-tung yayiphila isikhathi esiphindwe kabili kunemikhumbi yaseYurophu.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-18, iYurophu yagcina ikwazile ukukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe bokupenda uwoyela we-tung, futhi imboni yokupenda yaseYurophu yaqala ukwakha. Uwoyela we-tung wezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-lacquer, wawubuye ube yinto ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa kwezinye izimboni, owawusasetshenziswa yiShayina, futhi waba yinto ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa kwezimboni ezinguqukweni ezimbili zezimboni kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho izihlahla ze-tung ezatshalwa kabusha eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika zaqala ukwakha, okwaphula ukubusa kweShayina kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe.
Ukomisa akusathathi izinsuku ezingafika kwezingu-50
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izimoto zazisakhiwa kusetshenziswa upende wemvelo oyisisekelo njengowoyela we-linseed njenge-binder.
Ngisho neFord, eyasungula umugqa wokukhiqiza ukwakha izimoto, yasebenzisa upende omnyama waseJapan kuphela cishe kakhulu ukuze ilandele isivinini sokukhiqiza ngoba woma ngokushesha, kodwa phela, usewupende wemvelo wesisekelo, futhi ungqimba lopende lusadinga isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto ukuze lome.
Ngawo-1920, iDuPont yasebenza kupende we-nitrocellulose owomisa ngokushesha (owaziwa nangokuthi upende we-nitrocellulose) owenza abenzi bezimoto bamomotheka, bengasadingi ukusebenza ezimotweni ezinemijikelezo emide kangaka yopende.
Ngo-1921, iDuPont yayisivele ihola ekukhiqizweni kwamafilimu ezithombe ezinyakazayo ze-nitrate, njengoba yaphendukela emikhiqizweni engaqhumi esekwe kwi-nitrocellulose ukuze imunce izikhungo ezinkulu eyayizakhe ngesikhathi sempi. NgoLwesihlanu ntambama olushisayo ngoJulayi 1921, isisebenzi esitshalweni sefilimu saseDuPont sashiya umgqomo we-nitrate cotton fiber edokini ngaphambi kokushiya umsebenzi. Lapho ewuvula futhi ngoMsombuluko ekuseni, wathola ukuthi ibhakede lase liphenduke uketshezi olucacile, oluqinile olwaluzoba yisisekelo sopende we-nitrocellulose kamuva. Ngo-1924, iDuPont yasungula upende we-DUCO nitrocellulose, isebenzisa i-nitrocellulose njengento eluhlaza eyinhloko futhi yengeza ama-resin okwenziwa, ama-plasticizer, ama-solvent kanye nama-thinner ukuze iwuxube. Inzuzo enkulu yopende we-nitrocellulose ukuthi woma ngokushesha, uma kuqhathaniswa nopende wesisekelo wemvelo othatha isonto noma ngisho amasonto ukuze wome, upende we-nitrocellulose uthatha amahora ama-2 kuphela ukuze wome, okwandisa kakhulu ijubane lokupenda. Ngo-1924, cishe yonke imigqa yokukhiqiza yeGeneral Motors yayisebenzisa upende we-Duco nitrocellulose.
Ngokwemvelo, upende we-nitrocellulose unezinkinga zawo. Uma ufafazwa endaweni enomswakama, ifilimu izophenduka ibe mhlophe kalula futhi ilahlekelwe ukukhazimula kwayo. Upende odalwe ngokwawo awunawo ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinyibilikisi ezisekelwe kuphethiloli, njengophethiloli, okungalimaza upende, kanti igesi kawoyela ephumayo ngesikhathi sokugcwalisa uphethiloli ingasheshisa ukuwohloka kopende ozungezile.
Ukushintsha amabhulashi ngezibhamu zokufutha ukuze kuxazululwe izendlalelo ezingalingani zopende
Ngaphezu kwezici zopende ngokwawo, indlela yokupenda nayo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqineni nasekuqineni kobuso bopende. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibhamu zokufutha kwakuyingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni wobuchwepheshe bokupenda. Isibhamu sokufutha safakwa ngokuphelele emkhakheni wokupenda wezimboni ngo-1923 kanye nasembonini yezimoto ngo-1924.
Ngakho-ke umndeni wakwaDeVilbiss wasungula iDeVilbiss, inkampani edumile emhlabeni wonke egxile kubuchwepheshe be-atomization. Kamuva, kwazalwa indodana ka-Alan DeVilbiss, uTom DeVilbiss. Indodana kaDkt. Alan DeVilbiss, uTom DeVilbiss, yathatha okusunguliwe kukayise yakudlula emkhakheni wezokwelapha. UDeVilbiss wathatha okusunguliwe kukayise yakudlula emkhakheni wezokwelapha futhi waguqula i-atomizer yokuqala yaba isibhamu sokufafaza sokusetshenziswa kopende.
Emkhakheni wokupenda kwezimboni, amabhulashi aphelelwa yisikhathi ngokushesha yizibhamu zokufutha. U-deVilbiss ubesebenza emkhakheni we-atomization iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-100 futhi manje ungumholi emkhakheni wezibhamu zokufutha zezimboni kanye nezibhamu zezokwelapha.
Kusukela ku-alkyd kuya ku-acrylic, okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi okunamandla
Ngawo-1930, upende we-alkyd resin enamel, obizwa ngokuthi upende we-alkyd enamel, wafakwa enkambisweni yokupenda yezimoto. Izingxenye zensimbi zomzimba wemoto zafuthwa ngalolu hlobo lopende bese zomiswa kuhhavini ukuze zenze ifilimu yopende eqinile kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nopende we-nitrocellulose, upende we-alkyd enamel ushesha ukufakwa, udinga izinyathelo ezimbili kuya kwezi-3 kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyathelo ezintathu kuya kwezine zopende we-nitrocellulose. Upende we-enamel awomi nje kuphela ngokushesha, kodwa futhi umelana nezinyibilikisi ezifana nophethiloli.
Nokho, ububi bama-enamel e-alkyd ukuthi esaba ukukhanya kwelanga, futhi ekukhanyeni kwelanga ifilimu yopende izoncibilikiswa ngesivinini esisheshayo futhi umbala uzophela ngokushesha futhi ube buthuntu, ngezinye izikhathi le nqubo ingaba phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa nje. Naphezu kobubi bawo, ama-resin e-alkyd awakasuswa ngokuphelele futhi aseyingxenye ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe bokumboza banamuhla. Upende we-acrylic we-thermoplastic wavela ngawo-1940, wathuthukisa kakhulu ukuhlobisa nokuqina kokuphela, kwathi ngo-1955, i-General Motors yaqala ukupenda izimoto nge-resin entsha ye-acrylic. I-rheology yalolu pende yayihlukile futhi yayidinga ukufuthwa ngokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-solids, ngaleyo ndlela idinga amajazi amaningi. Lesi sici esibonakala singesihle sasiyinzuzo ngaleso sikhathi ngoba savumela ukufakwa kwama-flakes ensimbi ephepheni. I-varnish ye-acrylic yafuthwa nge-viscosity yokuqala ephansi kakhulu, okuvumela ama-flakes ensimbi ukuba acwebezele phansi ukuze akhe ungqimba olukhanyayo, bese i-viscosity yanda ngokushesha ukuze ibambe ama-flakes ensimbi endaweni. Ngakho-ke, upende wensimbi wazalwa.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi sikhathi sibone intuthuko engazelelwe kwezobuchwepheshe bokupenda nge-acrylic eYurophu. Lokhu kwavela emikhawulweni eyabekwa emazweni ase-European Axis ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, eyayivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zamakhemikhali ekukhiqizeni izimboni, njenge-nitrocellulose, into eluhlaza edingekayo kupende we-nitrocellulose, engasetshenziswa ukwenza iziqhumane. Ngalesi sithiyo, izinkampani kula mazwe zaqala ukugxila kubuchwepheshe bokupenda nge-enamel, zakha uhlelo lokupenda nge-acrylic urethane. lapho upende waseYurophu ungena e-United States ngo-1980, izinhlelo zokupenda ngezimoto zaseMelika zazikude kakhulu nezimbangi zaseYurophu.
Inqubo ezenzakalelayo ye-phosphating kanye ne-electrophoresis yokuphishekela ikhwalithi yopende ethuthukisiwe
Iminyaka engamashumi amabili ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II yayiyisikhathi sokwanda kwekhwalithi yokugqoka umzimba. Ngalesi sikhathi e-United States, ngaphezu kwezokuthutha, izimoto zazinophawu lokuthuthukisa isimo senhlalo, ngakho abanikazi bezimoto babefuna izimoto zabo zibukeke zisezingeni eliphezulu, okwakudinga upende ukuze ubukeke ucwebezela futhi ube nemibala emihle kakhulu.
Kusukela ngo-1947, izinkampani zezimoto zaqala ukufaka i-phosphate ebusweni bensimbi ngaphambi kokupenda, njengendlela yokuthuthukisa ukunamathela kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kopende. I-primer nayo yashintshwa kusukela ekufakweni kwe-spray kuya ekufakweni kwe-dip, okusho ukuthi izingxenye zomzimba zicwiliswa echibini lopende, okwenza kube okufanayo kakhulu kanye nokufakwa kwe-coating okubanzi kakhulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo njengemigodi nazo zingapendwa.
Ngawo-1950, izinkampani zezimoto zathola ukuthi nakuba kwakusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlanganisa i-dip, ingxenye yopende yayizoqhubeka ihlanzwa enkambisweni elandelayo ngezinyibilikisi, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokuvimbela ukugqwala. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, ngo-1957, iFord yajoyina i-PPG ngaphansi kobuholi bukaDkt. George Brewer. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaDkt. George Brewer, iFord nePPG bathuthukisa indlela yokuhlanganisa i-electrodeposition esetshenziswa kakhulu manje.
UFord wabe esesungula isitolo sokuqala sokupenda se-anodic electrophoretic emhlabeni ngo-1961. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bokuqala babunephutha, futhi i-PPG yasungula uhlelo lokumboza lwe-cathodic electrophoretic olusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokumboza okuhambisanayo ngo-1973.
Upende ozohlala isikhathi eside ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola kopende osekelwe emanzini
Maphakathi nawo-70s kuya ngasekupheleni kwawo-70s, ukuqwashisa ngokonga amandla kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo okwabangelwa yinkinga kawoyela nakho kwaba nomthelela omkhulu embonini yokupenda. Ngawo-80s, amazwe asungula imithetho emisha ye-volatile organic compound (VOC), eyenza ukuthi upende we-acrylic one-VOC ephezulu kanye nokuqina okubuthakathaka kungamukeleki emakethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengi balindele nokuthi imiphumela yopende womzimba ihlale okungenani iminyaka emi-5, okudinga ukubhekana nokuqina kopende.
Njengoba ungqimba lwe-lacquer olubonakalayo luyingqimba yokuvikela, upende wombala wangaphakathi akudingeki ube mkhulu njengakuqala, kudingeka ungqimba oluncane kakhulu kuphela ngezinjongo zokuhlobisa. Izithako ze-UV nazo zengezwa kungqimba lwe-lacquer ukuvikela imibala esengqimbeni ecacile kanye ne-primer, okwandisa kakhulu impilo ye-primer kanye nopende wombala.
Indlela yokupenda ekuqaleni iyabiza kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kuphela kumamodeli asezingeni eliphezulu. Futhi, ukuqina kwejazi elicacile kwakungafanele, futhi lalizophuka ngokushesha futhi lidinge ukupendwa kabusha. Nokho, eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, imboni yezimoto kanye nemboni yokupenda basebenze ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokumboza, hhayi nje ngokunciphisa izindleko kodwa nangokuthuthukisa ukwelashwa okusha kwendawo okwathuthukisa kakhulu impilo yejazi elicacile.
Ubuchwepheshe bokupenda obumangalisayo obukhula ngokushesha
Ngokuthambekela kwentuthuko evamile yokumboza esikhathini esizayo, abanye abantu embonini bakholelwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokungapendi. Lobu buchwepheshe bungene empilweni yethu, futhi amagobolondo emishini yansuku zonke yasekhaya empeleni asebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokungapendi. Amagobolondo engeza umbala ohambisanayo wempuphu yensimbi esezingeni eliphansi enkambisweni yokubumba ngomjovo, akha ngqo amagobolondo ngemibala egqamile kanye nokuthungwa kwensimbi, okungasadingeki ukuthi kupendwe nhlobo, kunciphisa kakhulu ukungcola okubangelwa ukupenda. Ngokwemvelo, isetshenziswa kabanzi nasezimotweni, njenge-trim, i-grille, amagobolondo esibuko sangemuva, njll.
Isimiso esifanayo siyasetshenziswa emkhakheni wensimbi, okusho ukuthi esikhathini esizayo, izinto zensimbi ezisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokupenda zizoba nesendlalelo esivikelayo noma ngisho nesendlalelo sombala efektri. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswa njengamanje emkhakheni wezindiza kanye nezempi, kodwa abukatholakali nhlobo ukuze busetshenziswe ngabantu abavamile, futhi akunakwenzeka ukunikeza imibala ehlukahlukene.
Isifinyezo: Kusukela emabhulashini kuya ezibhamu kuya kumarobhothi, kusukela opendeni lwezitshalo zemvelo kuya opendeni lwamakhemikhali olusezingeni eliphezulu, kusukela ekuphishekeleni ukusebenza kahle kuya ekuphishekeleni ikhwalithi kuya ekuphishekeleni impilo yemvelo, ukuphishekela ubuchwepheshe bokupenda embonini yezimoto akukapheli, futhi izinga lobuchwepheshe liya likhuphuka. Abadwebi ababevame ukubamba amabhulashi futhi besebenza endaweni enzima babengeke balindele ukuthi upende wezimoto wanamuhla usuthuthuke kangaka futhi usathuthuka. Ikusasa lizoba yinkathi enobungani nemvelo, ehlakaniphile futhi esebenza kahle.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-20-2022
