Uma ubona imoto, umbono wakho wokuqala cishe kungaba umbala womzimba. Namuhla, ukuba nopende omuhle ocwebezelayo kungenye yezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokukhiqiza izimoto. Kodwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, ukudweba imoto kwakungeyona into elula, futhi yayingemuhle kakhulu kunanamuhla. Upende wezimoto uthuthuke kanjani kuze kube manje? U-Surley uzokutshela umlando wokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokugqoka upende wemoto.
Imizuzwana eyishumi ukuqonda umbhalo ogcwele:
1,I-Lacqueryadabuka eShayina, iNtshonalanga yahola ngemuva kwenguquko yezimboni.
2, Upende oluyisisekelo lwemvelo loma kancane, luthinta ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokukhiqiza izimoto, iDuPont yasungula ukomisa ngokusheshaupende we-nitro.
3, Futha izibhamuithatha indawo yamabhulashi, inikeze ifilimu yopende efanayo.
4, Kusukela ku-alkyd kuya ku-acrylic, ukuphishekela ukuqina nokwehlukahlukana kuyaqhubeka .
5, Kusukela "ekufafazeni" kuya "ku-dip coating"ngokugeza kwe-lacquer, ukuphishekela okuqhubekayo kwekhwalithi kapende kufika ku-phosphating kanye ne-electrodeposition manje.
6, Ukushintshwa ngeupende olusekelwe emanziniekuphishekeleni ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.
7, Manje nasesikhathini esizayo, ubuchwepheshe bokudweba buya ngokuya budlula umcabango,ngisho ngaphandle kopende.
Indima eyinhloko kapende iphikisana nokuguga
Umbono wabantu abaningi ngendima kapende ukunikeza izinto imibala egqamile, kodwa ngokombono wokukhiqiza izimboni, umbala empeleni uyisidingo sesibili; ukugqwala nokulwa nokuguga yiyona nhloso enkulu. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuhlanganiswa kokhuni lwensimbi kuya emzimbeni wensimbi omsulwa wanamuhla, umzimba wemoto udinga upende njengongqimba oluvikelayo. Izinselelo ungqimba lukapende okufanele lubhekane nalo ukuguga kwemvelo okufana nelanga, isihlabathi nemvula, ukulimala ngokomzimba njengokukhuhla, ukuhlikihla nokushayisana, nokuguguleka okufana nosawoti nobulongwe bezilwane. Ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokudweba, inqubo ikhula kancane kancane izikhumba ezisebenza kahle neziqinile nezinhle ukuze umsebenzi womzimba uhlangabezane kangcono nalezi zinselele.
I-Lacquer yaseChina
I-Lacquer inomlando omude kakhulu futhi, ngokuhlazisayo, isikhundla esihamba phambili kwezobuchwepheshe be-lacquer sasingeseChina ngaphambi kwe-Industrial Revolution. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-lacquer kuhlehlela emuva kuze kufike enkathini ye-Neolithic, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi se-Warring States, izingcweti zasebenzisa uwoyela we-tung okhishwe embewini yesihlahla se-tung futhi wengeza i-lacquer eluhlaza yemvelo ukwenza ingxube kapende, nakuba ngaleso sikhathi i-lacquer yayiyi-lacquer. into ewubukhazikhazi kwezicukuthwane. Ngemva kokusungulwa koBukhosi baseMing, uZhu Yuanzhang waqala ukusungula imboni kahulumeni yokuhlanganisa amalayisi, nobuchwepheshe bokupenda bathuthuka ngokushesha. Umsebenzi wokuqala wamaShayina wobuchwepheshe bokupenda, "Incwadi Yokudweba", yahlanganiswa nguHuang Cheng, umenzi we-lacquer eMing Dynasty. Ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nohwebo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle, i-lacquerware yayithuthukise uhlelo oluvuthiwe lwemboni yezandla eMing Dynasty.
Upende kawoyela we-tung oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu we-Ming Dynasty wawuyisihluthulelo sokukhiqiza umkhumbi. Isazi saseSpain sekhulu leshumi nesithupha uMendoza sathi "Umlando Wombuso Omkhulu WaseShayina" ukuthi imikhumbi yamaShayina ehlanganiswe ngamafutha e-tung yayiphindwe kabili ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwemikhumbi yaseYurophu.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-18, iYurophu yagcina iqhekekile futhi yazuza ubuchwepheshe bokupenda kawoyela we-tung, futhi kancane kancane imboni kapende yaseYurophu yaqala ukumila. Uwoyela we-tung wezinto ezingavuthiwe, ngaphandle kokusetshenziselwa ukwenza i-lacquer, nawo wawuyinto ebalulekile kwezinye izimboni, esaphethwe yiShayina, futhi waba umshini obalulekile wezimboni ezinguqukweni ezimbili zezimboni kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho izihlahla ze-tung zitshalwa kabusha. eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika kwavela, okwaphula igunya laseChina lokusebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ukomisa akusathathi kufika ezinsukwini ezingu-50
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izimoto zazisenziwa kusetshenziswa amapende ayisisekelo emvelo afana namafutha e-linseed njenge-binder.
Ngisho neFord, eyasungula umugqa wokukhiqiza wokwakha izimoto, yasebenzisa upende omnyama waseJapan kuphela ocishe wafinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu ukuze iphishekele isivinini sokukhiqiza ngoba yoma ngokushesha, kodwa ngemuva kwakho konke, kusewupende wesisekelo semvelo, futhi ungqimba lukapende lusaqhubeka. idinga isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto ukuze yome.
Ngawo-1920, i-DuPont yasebenza ngopende we-nitrocellulose owomisa ngokushesha (owaziwa ngopende we-nitrocellulose) owenza abakhi bezimoto bamamatheke, kungasadingeki basebenze ezimotweni ezinemijikelezo emide kapende.
Ngo-1921, i-DuPont yayisivele ingumholi ekwakhiweni kwamafilimu ezithombe ezinyakazayo ze-nitrate, njengoba iphendukela emikhiqizweni engezona iziqhumane esekwe ku-nitrocellulose ukuze imunce izinsiza ezinkulu ezazakhile phakathi nempi. NgoLwesihlanu olushisayo ntambama ngoJulayi 1921, isisebenzi embonini yamafilimu yaseDuPont sashiya umgqomo we-nitrate kakotini fibre esikhumulweni semikhumbi ngaphambi kokushiya umsebenzi. Lapho elivula futhi ngoMsombuluko ekuseni, wathola ukuthi ibhakede seliphenduke uketshezi olucacile, olune-viscous kamuva olwaluzoba isisekelo sopende we-nitrocellulose. Ngo-1924, i-DuPont yathuthukisa upende we-nitrocellulose we-DUCO, isebenzisa i-nitrocellulose njengento eluhlaza eyinhloko futhi yengeza ama-synthetic resins, plasticizers, solvents kanye nama-thiners ukuze kuhlanganiswe. Inzuzo enkulu yepende ye-nitrocellulose ukuthi iyoma ngokushesha, uma kuqhathaniswa nopende oluyisisekelo lwemvelo oluthatha isonto noma ngisho namasonto ukuze lome, upende we-nitrocellulose uthatha amahora angu-2 kuphela ukuze wome, okwandisa kakhulu ijubane lokudweba. ngo-1924, cishe yonke imigqa yokukhiqiza ye-General Motors yasebenzisa upende we-Duco nitrocellulose.
Ngokwemvelo, upende we-nitrocellulose unezinkinga zawo. Uma ifuthwe endaweni enomswakama, ifilimu izoba mhlophe kalula futhi ilahlekelwe ukucwebezela kwayo. Indawo kapende eyakhiwe inokumelana nokugqwala okungekuhle kuzincibilikisi ezisekelwe ku-petroleum, ezifana nophethiloli, ezingalimaza indawo engaphezulu kapende, futhi igesi kawoyela evuzayo ngesikhathi sokugcwalisa ingasheshisa ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile kapende.
Ukushintshwa kwamabhulashi ngezibhamu zokufutha ukuze kuxazululwe izendlalelo ezingalingani zopende
Ngaphandle kwezici zopende ngokwawo, indlela yokudweba nayo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuze kube namandla nokuqina kwendawo yokupenda. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibhamu zokufuthwa kwakuyingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni wobuchwepheshe bokudweba. Isibhamu sesifutho safakwa ngokugcwele emkhakheni wokudweba wezimboni ngo-1923 nasembonini yezimoto ngo-1924.
Ngakho umndeni wakwaDeVilbiss wasungula i-DeVilbiss, inkampani edume umhlaba wonke egxile kubuchwepheshe be-atomization. Kamuva, kwazalwa indodana ka-Alan DeVilbiss, uTom DeVilbiss. Indodana kaDkt. Alan DeVilbiss, u-Tom DeVilbiss, yathatha okuqanjwe nguyise yadlula emkhakheni wezokwelapha. U-DeVilbiss wathatha izinto ezisungulwe uyise wadlula emkhakheni wezokwelapha futhi waguqula i-atomizer yasekuqaleni yaba isibhamu sokufutha sokufaka upende.
Emkhakheni wemidwebo yezimboni, amabhulashi aphelelwa yisikhathi ngokushesha ngezibhamu zokufutha. U-deVilbiss ubesebenza emkhakheni we-atomization iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 futhi manje usengumholi emkhakheni wezibhamu ezifuthayo zezimboni kanye nama-atomizer ezokwelapha.
Kusukela ku-alkyd kuya ku-acrylic, okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi kunamandla
Ngawo-1930, upende we-alkyd resin koqweqwe lwawo, olubizwa ngokuthi upende we-alkyd koqweqwe lwawo, lwangeniswa enqubweni yokudweba kwezimoto. Izingxenye zensimbi zomzimba wemoto zazifuthwa ngalolu hlobo lukapende bese zomiswa kuhhavini ukuze zenze ifilimu kapende eqinile kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nopende we-nitrocellulose, upende we-alkyd koqweqwe lwawo lusebenza ngokushesha, oludinga izinyathelo ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyathelo ezi-3 kuya kwezi-4 zopende we-nitrocellulose. Amapende we-enamel awagcini nje ukuma ngokushesha, kodwa futhi awakwazi ukumelana nezincibilikisi ezifana nophethiloli.
Ububi be-alkyd enamels, noma kunjalo, ukuthi besaba ukukhanya kwelanga, futhi ekukhanyeni kwelanga ifilimu kapende izokhishwa nge-oxidized ngesivinini esisheshayo futhi umbala uzophela ngokushesha futhi ube buthuntu, ngezinye izikhathi le nqubo ingaba phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa nje. . Naphezu kokungalungi kwabo, ama-alkyd resins awazange aqedwe ngokuphelele futhi aseyingxenye ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe bokugqoka banamuhla. Opende be-acrylic be-Thermoplastic babonakala ngawo-1940, benza ngcono kakhulu ukuhlobisa nokuqina kwesiphetho, futhi ngo-1955, iGeneral Motors yaqala ukudweba izimoto nge-acrylic resin entsha. I-rheology yalo pende yayiyingqayizivele futhi idinga ukufafazwa kokuqukethwe okuqinile okuphansi, ngaleyo ndlela kudinga amajazi amaningi. Lesi sici esibonakala sibi sasiyinzuzo ngaleso sikhathi ngoba sasivumela ukufakwa kwama-metal flakes ekugqokeni. I-varnish ye-acrylic yafafazwa nge-viscosity yokuqala ephansi kakhulu, okuvumela ama-flakes ensimbi ukuba abekwe phansi ukuze enze ungqimba olukhanyayo, bese i-viscosity ikhula ngokushesha ukuze ibambe ama-flakes ensimbi endaweni. Ngakho, upende wensimbi wazalwa.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi sikhathi sabona kusengaphambili ngokuzumayo ubuchwepheshe bepende ye-acrylic eYurophu. Lokhu kubangelwa imikhawulo eyabekwa emazweni e-European Axis ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, eyayivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zamakhemikhali ekukhiqizeni izimboni, njenge-nitrocellulose, impahla eluhlaza edingekayo kupende we-nitrocellulose, owawungase usetshenziselwe ukwenza iziqhumane. Ngalo mkhawulo, izinkampani kulawa mazwe zaqala ukugxila kubuchwepheshe bokupenda koqweqwe lwawo koqweqwe lwawo, ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokupenda lwe-acrylic urethane. lapho opende baseYurophu bengena e-United States ngo-1980, izinhlelo zokupenda zezimoto zaseMelika zazikude nezimbangi zaseYurophu.
Inqubo ezenzakalelayo ye-phosphating kanye ne-electrophoresis yokuphishekela ikhwalithi yopende ethuthukisiwe
Emashumini amabili eminyaka ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwakuyinkathi yokwenyuka kwezinga lokugcotshwa komzimba. Ngalesi sikhathi e-United States, ngaphezu kwezokuthutha, izimoto nazo zazinemfanelo yokuthuthukisa isimo senhlalo, ngakho abanikazi bezimoto babefuna izimoto zabo zibukeke ziphakeme, okwakudinga ukuthi upende ubukeke ucwebezela futhi unemibala emihle kakhulu.
Kusukela ngo-1947, izinkampani zezimoto zaqala ukwenza i-phosphatize izindawo zensimbi ngaphambi kokudweba, njengendlela yokuthuthukisa ukumelana nokunamathela nokugqwala kopende. I-primer iphinde yashintshwa isuka ekubeni isifutho yaya ekubeni yi-dip coating, okusho ukuthi izingxenye zomzimba zicwiliswa echibini likapende, okulenza lifanane kakhudlwana kanye nokuhlanganisa okugcwele, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo njengemigodi nazo zingapendwa. .
Ngawo-1950, izinkampani zezimoto zathola ukuthi nakuba indlela yokumboza idiphu yayisetshenziswa, ingxenye kapende isazogezwa ngenqubo elandelayo ngezincibilikisi, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokuvimbela ukugqwala. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, ngo-1957, i-Ford yahlangana ne-PPG ngaphansi kobuholi bukaDkt. George Brewer. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaDkt George Brewer, abakwaFord kanye ne-PPG bathuthukise indlela yokumboza i-electrodeposition esetshenziswa kakhulu manje.
I-Ford yabe isisungula isitolo sokuqala sikapende we-anodic electrophoretic emhlabeni ngo-1961. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqala babunamaphutha, nokho, futhi i-PPG yethula uhlelo oluphakeme lwe-cathodic electrophoretic coating kanye nezingubo ezihambisanayo ngo-1973.
Penda ukuze uhlale umuhle ukuze unciphise ukungcoliswa kukapende osekelwe emanzini
Maphakathi nama-70s, ukuqwashisa ngokonga amandla kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo okwalethwa inkinga kawoyela nakho kwaba nomthelela omkhulu embonini kapende. Kuma-80s, amazwe ashaya imithetho emisha ye-volatile organic compound (VOC), eyenza amapende e-acrylic anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-VOC nokuqina okubuthakathaka kungamukeleki emakethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengi baphinde balindele ukuthi imiphumela yepende yomzimba ihlale okungenani iminyaka emi-5, okudinga ukubhekana nokuqina kokuqedwa kopende.
Ngongqimba lwe-lacquer obala njengongqimba oluvikelayo, upende wombala wangaphakathi awudingi ukuba ugqinsi njengangaphambili, kuphela ungqimba oluncane kakhulu oludingekayo ngezinjongo zokuhlobisa. Ama-absorbers e-UV nawo angezwe kungqimba lwe-lacquer ukuze kuvikelwe ama-pigments kungqimba olusobala kanye ne-primer, okwandisa kakhulu impilo ye-primer nopende wombala.
Inqubo yokudweba ekuqaleni iyabiza futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kuphela kumamodeli asezingeni eliphezulu. Futhi, ukuqina kwejazi elicacile kwakungekuhle, futhi lalizophephuka futhi lidinga ukupendwa kabusha. Nokho, eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, imboni yezimoto kanye nemboni kapende yasebenza ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe bokumboza, hhayi nje ngokunciphisa izindleko kodwa futhi ngokwakha izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha ezithuthukisa kakhulu impilo yejazi elicacile.
Ubuchwepheshe bokudweba obumangalisayo obumangalisayo
Ikusasa enamathela ezivamile ukuthuthukiswa mkhuba, abanye abantu embonini bakholelwa ukuthi akukho-ukupenda ubuchwepheshe. Lobu buchwepheshe bungene ngempela ezimpilweni zethu, futhi amagobolondo ezinto zikagesi zansuku zonke eziya ekhaya empeleni asebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokungapendi. Amagobolondo engeza umbala ohambisanayo wempushana yensimbi yezinga le-nano enqubweni yokubumba umjovo, enze ngokuqondile amagobolondo anemibala egqamile kanye nokuthungwa kwensimbi, okungasadingeki ukuthi kupendwe nhlobo, okunciphisa kakhulu ukungcola okukhiqizwa ngokudweba. Ngokwemvelo, ibuye isetshenziswe kabanzi ezimotweni, njenge-trim, i-grille, amagobolondo esibuko esibukweni, njll.
Isimiso esifanayo sisetshenziswa emkhakheni wensimbi, okusho ukuthi esikhathini esizayo, izinto zensimbi ezisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokudweba zizovele zinesendlalelo sokuzivikela noma ngisho nongqimba lombala efektri. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswa njengamanje emikhakheni ye-aerospace nezempi, kodwa kusekude ukuba butholakale ukuze busetshenziswe umphakathi, futhi akunakwenzeka ukunikeza ububanzi bemibala.
Isifinyezo: Kusuka emabhulashini kuye ezibhamuni kuye kumarobhothi, kusukela kupende wezitshalo zemvelo kuya kupende wamakhemikhali wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, kusukela ekuphishekeleni ukusebenza kahle kuya ekuphishekeleni ikhwalithi kuya ekuphishekeleni impilo yemvelo, ukuphishekela ubuchwepheshe bokupenda embonini yezimoto akukakayeki, futhi izinga lobuchwepheshe liya ngokuya likhuphuka. Abadwebi ababephatha amabhulashi futhi besebenza endaweni enzima bebengeke balindele ukuthi upende wanamuhla wezimoto usuthuthuke kakhulu futhi usathuthuka. Ikusasa kuyoba inkathi enobungani bemvelo, ehlakaniphile futhi ephumelelayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-20-2022
